- Life expectancy
Identification
The strikingly large orange-yellow bill, white shoulder patches and white wedge-shaped tail are the most distinctive features of adult plumage. Juveniles look much darker overall and less contrasting.
Colours
Adult
White shoulders and a white wedge-shaped tail contrast with the dark plumage. Females are similarly coloured but usually much heavier.
Behaviour
The voice is a deep, harsh bark; loud call series can also be heard in the breeding season. Seasonal movements take many birds from the breeding grounds to ice-free coasts and waters rich in food.
Breeding & rearing
Large trees or cliffs near water carry the massive nests. Pairs often return to the old nest. Usually one young bird survives; successful broods of several young also occur.
